索引Index入门

2024-11-05 10:53

索引管理

为什么我们要手动创建索引

直接put数据 PUT index/_doc/1,es会自动生成索引,并建立动态映射dynamic mapping。

在生产上,我们需要自己手动建立索引和映射,为了更好地管理索引。就像数据库的建表语句一样。

索引管理

创建索引

创建索引的语法

PUT /index
{
    "settings": { ... any settings ... },
    "mappings": {
       "properties" : {
            "field1" : { "type" : "text" }
        }
    },
    "aliases": {
    	"default_index": {}
  } 
}

举例:

PUT /my_index
{
  "settings": {
    "number_of_shards": 1,
    "number_of_replicas": 1
  },
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "field1":{
        "type": "text"
      },
      "field2":{
        "type": "text"
      }
    }
  },
  "aliases": {
    "default_index": {}
  } 
}

索引别名

插入数据

POST /my_index/_doc/1
{
	"field1":"java",
	"field2":"js"
}

查询数据 都可以查到

GET /my_index/_doc/1

GET /default_index/_doc/1

查询索引

GET /my_index/_mapping

GET /my_index/_setting

修改索引

修改副本数

PUT /my_index/_settings
{
    "index" : {
        "number_of_replicas" : 2
    }
}

删除索引

DELETE /my_index

DELETE /index_one,index_two

DELETE /index_*

DELETE /_all

为了安全起见,防止恶意删除索引,删除时必须指定索引名:

elasticsearch.yml

action.destructive_requires_name: true

定制分词器

默认的分词器

standard

分词三个组件,character filter,tokenizer,token filter

standard tokenizer:以单词边界进行切分

standard token filter:什么都不做

lowercase token filter:将所有字母转换为小写

stop token filer(默认被禁用):移除停用词,比如a the it等等

修改分词器的设置

启用english停用词token filter

PUT /my_index
{
  "settings": {
    "analysis": {
      "analyzer": {
        "es_std": {
          "type": "standard",
          "stopwords": "_english_"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

测试分词

GET /my_index/_analyze
{
  "analyzer": "standard", 
  "text": "a dog is in the house"
}

GET /my_index/_analyze
{
  "analyzer": "es_std",
  "text":"a dog is in the house"
}

定制化自己的分词器

PUT /my_index
{
  "settings": {
    "analysis": {
      "char_filter": {
        "&_to_and": {
          "type": "mapping",
          "mappings": ["&=> and"]
        }
      },
      "filter": {
        "my_stopwords": {
          "type": "stop",
          "stopwords": ["the", "a"]
        }
      },
      "analyzer": {
        "my_analyzer": {
          "type": "custom",
          "char_filter": ["html_strip", "&_to_and"],
          "tokenizer": "standard",
          "filter": ["lowercase", "my_stopwords"]
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

测试

GET /my_index/_analyze
{
  "analyzer": "my_analyzer",
  "text": "tom&jerry are a friend in the house, <a>, HAHA!!"
}

设置字段使用自定义分词器

PUT /my_index/_mapping/
{
  "properties": {
    "content": {
      "type": "text",
      "analyzer": "my_analyzer"
    }
  }
}

type底层结构及弃用原因

type是什么

type,是一个index中用来区分类似的数据的,类似的数据,但是可能有不同的fields,而且有不同的属性来控制索引建立、分词器. field的value,在底层的lucene中建立索引的时候,全部是opaque bytes类型,不区分类型的。 lucene是没有type的概念的,在document中,实际上将type作为一个document的field来存储,即type,es通过type来进行type的过滤和筛选。

es中不同type存储机制

一个index中的多个type,实际上是放在一起存储的,因此一个index下,不能有多个type重名,而类型或者其他设置不同的,因为那样是无法处理的

{
   "goods": {
      "mappings": {
         "electronic_goods": {
            "properties": {
               "name": {
                  "type": "string",
               },
               "price": {
                  "type": "double"
               },
               "service_period": {
                  "type": "string"
                   }			
                }
         },
         "fresh_goods": {
            "properties": {
               "name": {
                  "type": "string",
               },
               "price": {
                  "type": "double"
               },
               "eat_period": {
              		"type": "string"
               }
                }
         }
      }
   }
}
PUT /goods/electronic_goods/1
{
  "name": "小米空调",
  "price": 1999.0,
  "service_period": "one year"
}
PUT /goods/fresh_goods/1
{
  "name": "澳洲龙虾",
  "price": 199.0,
  "eat_period": "one week"
}

es文档在底层的存储是这样子的

{
   "goods": {
      "mappings": {
        "_type": {
          "type": "string",
          "index": "false"
        },
        "name": {
          "type": "string"
        }
        "price": {
          "type": "double"
        }
        "service_period": {
          "type": "string"
        },
        "eat_period": {
          "type": "string"
        }
      }
   }
}

底层数据存储格式

{
  "_type": "electronic_goods",
  "name": "小米空调",
  "price": 1999.0,
  "service_period": "one year",
  "eat_period": ""
}
{
  "_type": "fresh_goods",
  "name": "澳洲龙虾",
  "price": 199.0,
  "service_period": "",
  "eat_period": "one week"
}

type弃用

同一索引下,不同type的数据存储其他type的field 大量空值,造成资源浪费。

所以,不同类型数据,要放到不同的索引中。

es9中,将会彻底删除type。

定制dynamic mapping

定制dynamic策略

true:遇到陌生字段,就进行dynamic mapping

false:新检测到的字段将被忽略。这些字段将不会被索引,因此将无法搜索,但仍将出现在返回点击的源字段中。这些字段不会添加到映射中,必须显式添加新字段。

strict:遇到陌生字段,就报错

创建mapping

PUT /my_index
{
    "mappings": {
      "dynamic": "strict",
       "properties": {
        "title": {
          "type": "text"
        },
        "address": {
          "type": "object",
          "dynamic": "true"
        }
	    }
    }
}

插入数据

PUT /my_index/_doc/1
{
  "title": "my article",
  "content": "this is my article",
  "address": {
    "province": "guangdong",
    "city": "guangzhou"
  }
}

报错

{
  "error": {
    "root_cause": [
      {
        "type": "strict_dynamic_mapping_exception",
        "reason": "mapping set to strict, dynamic introduction of [content] within [_doc] is not allowed"
      }
    ],
    "type": "strict_dynamic_mapping_exception",
    "reason": "mapping set to strict, dynamic introduction of [content] within [_doc] is not allowed"
  },
  "status": 400
}

自定义 dynamic mapping策略

es会根据传入的值,推断类型。

1569123478530

date_detection 日期探测

默认会按照一定格式识别date,比如yyyy-MM-dd。但是如果某个field先过来一个2017-01-01的值,就会被自动dynamic mapping成date,后面如果再来一个"hello world"之类的值,就会报错。可以手动关闭某个type的date_detection,如果有需要,自己手动指定某个field为date类型。

 PUT /my_index
 {
     "mappings": {
       "date_detection": false,
        "properties": {
         "title": {
           "type": "text"
         },
         "address": {
           "type": "object",
           "dynamic": "true"
         }
         }
     }
 }

测试

 PUT /my_index/_doc/1
 {
   "title": "my article",
   "content": "this is my article",
   "address": {
     "province": "guangdong",
     "city": "guangzhou"
   },
   "post_date":"2019-09-10"
 }

查看映射

GET /my_index/_mapping

自定义日期格式

PUT my_index
{
  "mappings": {
    "dynamic_date_formats": ["MM/dd/yyyy"]
  }
}

插入数据

PUT my_index/_doc/1
{
  "create_date": "09/25/2019"
}

numeric_detection 数字探测

虽然json支持本机浮点和整数数据类型,但某些应用程序或语言有时可能将数字呈现为字符串。通常正确的解决方案是显式地映射这些字段,但是可以启用数字检测(默认情况下禁用)来自动完成这些操作。

PUT my_index
{
  "mappings": {
    "numeric_detection": true
  }
}
PUT my_index/_doc/1
{
  "my_float":   "1.0", 
  "my_integer": "1" 
}

定制自己的dynamic mapping template

PUT /my_index
{
    "mappings": {
            "dynamic_templates": [
                { 
                  "en": {
                      "match":              "*_en", 
                      "match_mapping_type": "string",
                      "mapping": {
                          "type":           "text",
                          "analyzer":       "english"
                      }
                }                  
            }
        ]
	}
}

插入数据

PUT /my_index/_doc/1
{
  "title": "this is my first article"
}

PUT /my_index/_doc/2
{
  "title_en": "this is my first article"
}

搜索

GET my_index/_search?q=first
GET my_index/_search?q=is

title没有匹配到任何的dynamic模板,默认就是standard分词器,不会过滤停用词,is会进入倒排索引,用is来搜索是可以搜索到的

title_en匹配到了dynamic模板,就是english分词器,会过滤停用词,is这种停用词就会被过滤掉,用is来搜索就搜索不到了

模板写法

PUT my_index
{
  "mappings": {
    "dynamic_templates": [
      {
        "integers": {
          "match_mapping_type": "long",
          "mapping": {
            "type": "integer"
          }
        }
      },
      {
        "strings": {
          "match_mapping_type": "string",
          "mapping": {
            "type": "text",
            "fields": {
              "raw": {
                "type":  "keyword",
                "ignore_above": 256
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

模板参数

"match":   "long_*",
"unmatch": "*_text",
"match_mapping_type": "string",
"path_match":   "name.*",
"path_unmatch": "*.middle",
"match_pattern": "regex",
"match": "^profit_\d+$"

场景

  • 结构化搜索

默认情况下,elasticsearch将字符串字段映射为带有子关键字字段的文本字段。但是,如果只对结构化内容进行索引,而对全文搜索不感兴趣,则可以仅将“字段”映射为“关键字”。请注意,这意味着为了搜索这些字段,必须搜索索引所用的完全相同的值。

	{
        "strings_as_keywords": {
          "match_mapping_type": "string",
          "mapping": {
            "type": "keyword"
          }
        }
      }
  • 仅搜索

与前面的示例相反,如果您只关心字符串字段的全文搜索,并且不打算对字符串字段运行聚合、排序或精确搜索,您可以告诉弹性搜索将其仅映射为文本字段(这是5之前的默认行为)

	{
        "strings_as_text": {
          "match_mapping_type": "string",
          "mapping": {
            "type": "text"
          }
        }
      }
  • norms 不关心评分

norms是指标时间的评分因素。如果您不关心评分,例如,如果您从不按评分对文档进行排序,则可以在索引中禁用这些评分因子的存储并节省一些空间。

{
        "strings_as_keywords": {
          "match_mapping_type": "string",
          "mapping": {
            "type": "text",
            "norms": false,
            "fields": {
              "keyword": {
                "type": "keyword",
                "ignore_above": 256
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }

零停机重建索引

零停机重建索引

场景:

一个field的设置是不能被修改的,如果要修改一个Field,那么应该重新按照新的mapping,建立一个index,然后将数据批量查询出来,重新用bulk api写入index中。

批量查询的时候,建议采用scroll api,并且采用多线程并发的方式来reindex数据,每次scoll就查询指定日期的一段数据,交给一个线程即可。

(1)一开始,依靠dynamic mapping,插入数据,但是不小心有些数据是2019-09-10这种日期格式的,所以title这种field被自动映射为了date类型,实际上它应该是string类型的

PUT /my_index/_doc/1
{
  "title": "2019-09-10"
}

PUT /my_index/_doc/2
{
  "title": "2019-09-11"
}

(2)当后期向索引中加入string类型的title值的时候,就会报错

PUT /my_index/_doc/3
{
  "title": "my first article"
}

报错

{
  "error": {
    "root_cause": [
      {
        "type": "mapper_parsing_exception",
        "reason": "failed to parse [title]"
      }
    ],
    "type": "mapper_parsing_exception",
    "reason": "failed to parse [title]",
    "caused_by": {
      "type": "illegal_argument_exception",
      "reason": "Invalid format: \"my first article\""
    }
  },
  "status": 400
}

(3)如果此时想修改title的类型,是不可能的

PUT /my_index/_mapping
{
  "properties": {
    "title": {
      "type": "text"
   	}
  }
}

报错

{
  "error": {
    "root_cause": [
      {
        "type": "illegal_argument_exception",
        "reason": "mapper [title] of different type, current_type [date], merged_type [text]"
      }
    ],
    "type": "illegal_argument_exception",
    "reason": "mapper [title] of different type, current_type [date], merged_type [text]"
  },
  "status": 400
}

(4)此时,唯一的办法,就是进行reindex,也就是说,重新建立一个索引,将旧索引的数据查询出来,再导入新索引。

(5)如果说旧索引的名字,是old_index,新索引的名字是new_index,终端java应用,已经在使用old_index在操作了,难道还要去停止java应用,修改使用的index为new_index,才重新启动java应用吗?这个过程中,就会导致java应用停机,可用性降低。

(6)所以说,给java应用一个别名,这个别名是指向旧索引的,java应用先用着,java应用先用prod_index alias来操作,此时实际指向的是旧的my_index

PUT /my_index/_alias/prod_index

(7)新建一个index,调整其title的类型为string

PUT /my_index_new
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
		"title": {
         "type": "text"
        }
    }
  }
}

(8)使用scroll api将数据批量查询出来

GET /my_index/_search?scroll=1m
{
    "query": {
        "match_all": {}
    },    
    "size":  1
}

返回

{
  "_scroll_id": "DnF1ZXJ5VGhlbkZldGNoBQAAAAAAADpAFjRvbnNUWVZaVGpHdklqOV9zcFd6MncAAAAAAAA6QRY0b25zVFlWWlRqR3ZJajlfc3BXejJ3AAAAAAAAOkIWNG9uc1RZVlpUakd2SWo5X3NwV3oydwAAAAAAADpDFjRvbnNUWVZaVGpHdklqOV9zcFd6MncAAAAAAAA6RBY0b25zVFlWWlRqR3ZJajlfc3BXejJ3",
  "took": 1,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 3,
    "max_score": null,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "my_index",
        "_type": "my_type",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": null,
        "_source": {
          "title": "2019-01-02"
        },
        "sort": [
          0
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

(9)采用bulk api将scoll查出来的一批数据,批量写入新索引

POST /_bulk
{ "index":  { "_index": "my_index_new", "_id": "1" }}
{ "title":    "2019-09-10" }

(10)反复循环8~9,查询一批又一批的数据出来,采取bulk api将每一批数据批量写入新索引

(11)将prod_index alias切换到my_index_new上去,java应用会直接通过index别名使用新的索引中的数据,java应用程序不需要停机,零提交,高可用

POST /_aliases
{
    "actions": [
        { "remove": { "index": "my_index", "alias": "prod_index" }},
        { "add":    { "index": "my_index_new", "alias": "prod_index" }}
    ]
}

(12)直接通过prod_index别名来查询,是否ok

GET /prod_index/_search

生产实践:基于alias对client透明切换index

PUT /my_index_v1/_alias/my_index

client对my_index进行操作

reindex操作,完成之后,切换v1到v2

POST /_aliases
{
    "actions": [
        { "remove": { "index": "my_index_v1", "alias": "my_index" }},
        { "add":    { "index": "my_index_v2", "alias": "my_index" }}
    ]
}
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